當(dāng)今社會(huì)，越來(lái)越多的工作機(jī)會(huì)需要應(yīng)聘者具備創(chuàng)新性思考能力、從不同角度解決問(wèn)題的能力以及批判性思維。為了讓學(xué)習(xí)者能夠充分適應(yīng)并且參與到充滿競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的工作環(huán)境中去，教室里的教學(xué)方法迫切需要改變。
Many of today’s job opportunities require workers to think outside of the box and problem-solve from different angles, and critical thinking. In order to provide the learners of today with the tools to participate fully in this challenging workforce, the understandings of teaching methodology in the classroom must be changed.
杜威曾在《經(jīng)驗(yàn)與教育》（1938）第四頁(yè)中描述傳統(tǒng)的教育計(jì)劃在實(shí)質(zhì)上是自上自外注入的計(jì)劃，他把承認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、教料及方法，加諸這些正在生長(zhǎng)的兒童。與傳統(tǒng)的教育計(jì)劃相反，杜威倡導(dǎo)教育者尊重并且承認(rèn)兒童在學(xué)習(xí)以及建構(gòu)知識(shí)上的積極主動(dòng)性。根據(jù)杜威的啟示，單一的教學(xué)方法需要轉(zhuǎn)換為互動(dòng)型的可以促進(jìn)兒童積極參與社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的學(xué)習(xí)方法。
John Dewey in Education and Experience (1938)described this rote process of learning as “static”, referring to traditional education as an “imposition from above and from outside”(p.16). Instead of teachers filling young minds with isolated skills and required subject matter, Dewey advocated that children should be activity involved in their learning and help co-construct knowledge that has both interest and meaning to them. Based on Dewey’s research, two-way dialogues that prompt active participation is highly recommended.
探究式學(xué)習(xí)是一個(gè)很值得推薦的選擇。我們中加幼兒園正在采用這一先進(jìn)教學(xué)方式。
Our Pedagogical method in SCCS Preschool is Inquiry-Based Learning.
那么，什么是探究式學(xué)習(xí)呢？探究式學(xué)習(xí)的好處在哪里？我們中加幼兒園是如何在一日學(xué)習(xí)日程中進(jìn)行探究式學(xué)習(xí)的呢？
So, what is Inquiry-Based Learning? What are the benefits of Inquiry-Based Learning and how our SCCS preschool apply Inquiry-Based Learning into daily schedule?
根據(jù)維基百科，探究式學(xué)習(xí)開(kāi)始于學(xué)生通過(guò)獨(dú)立自主地發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題或創(chuàng)設(shè)情境，而非老師簡(jiǎn)單地陳述事實(shí)、灌輸知識(shí)。它是一種積極的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程。學(xué)生通過(guò)識(shí)別和研究問(wèn)題，來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)或獲得解決方案。探究式學(xué)習(xí)包括基于問(wèn)題的學(xué)習(xí)，通常用于小規(guī)模的調(diào)查和項(xiàng)目以及研究。 探究式學(xué)習(xí)主要與思維技能的發(fā)展和實(shí)踐密切相關(guān)。
According to wikipedia, Inquiry-based learning (also enquiry-based learning in British English) starts by posing questions, problems or scenarios—rather than simply presenting established facts or portraying a smooth path to knowledge. The process is often assisted by a facilitator. Inquirers will identify and research issues and questions to develop their knowledge or solutions. Inquiry-based learning includes problem-based learning, and is generally used in small scale investigations and projects, as well as research.The inquiry-based instruction is principally very closely related to the development and practice of thinking skills.
探究式學(xué)習(xí)要求學(xué)生自己承擔(dān)起學(xué)習(xí)的責(zé)任，隨之帶來(lái)的好處也很多。如：
1.學(xué)生可以自己發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，變得獨(dú)立自主。
2.學(xué)生圍繞新的話題一起探討或者獨(dú)立研究。
3.學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)機(jī)逐步增強(qiáng)。
4.鼓勵(lì)批判性思維。
5.學(xué)生可互相學(xué)習(xí)，取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短。
6.在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，學(xué)生可以通過(guò)做實(shí)驗(yàn)以及運(yùn)用各種技術(shù)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。
Inquiry-Based Learning asks our students to take more responsibility for their own learning can prove to be extremely beneficial for their education. Below is a list of many benefits of Inquiry-Based Learning.
1.Students are able to discover their answers on their own and be more independent.
2.Students work together or individually to learn the new topic.
3.Increase Student’s Motivation to Learn.
4.Encourage Critical Thinking.
5.Gives students the opportunity learn from one another.
6.It is extremely beneficial in science students are able to work through experiments or use technology to learn.
在中加幼兒園，我們和孩子們一起探究的事物數(shù)不勝數(shù)。例如：孩子們對(duì)物體從小到大再?gòu)拇蟮叫∩踔料У倪^(guò)程很感興趣。這一切起源于一次戶外活動(dòng)，老師帶著孩子們?cè)趹敉馔娲蚺菖莸挠螒颉?br />
基于孩子對(duì)泡泡的興趣，老師們開(kāi)始提供吹泡泡的學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn)。根據(jù)物體從小到大的過(guò)程以及吹的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與動(dòng)作，老師還提供了氣球相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn)。
“除了用嘴巴吹，用打氣筒打氣能夠讓氣球變大，還有其它的辦法么？”老師們又提供新的探究問(wèn)題。接著，老師們又提供了白醋、小蘇打、小勺子、空塑料瓶、漏斗、量杯給孩子們。
關(guān)于物體從小到大再?gòu)拇蟮叫∩踔料У奶骄渴綄W(xué)習(xí)還沒(méi)有結(jié)束，它會(huì)根據(jù)老師準(zhǔn)備的各種開(kāi)放式問(wèn)題以及孩子們當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)氐呐d趣、行為和對(duì)話的變化而發(fā)生改變。
總之，我們可以用以下幾條建議來(lái)幫助和支持孩子們的探究性學(xué)習(xí)：
1.教育者視自己為孩子們的合作者、幫助學(xué)生拓寬拓深知識(shí)的支持者。而非灌輸或傳遞知識(shí)的老師。
2.孩子們擁有時(shí)間、空間以及資源來(lái)深入地對(duì)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行研究和調(diào)查。
3.擁有充足的物料和空間的環(huán)境可以幫助孩子們滿足好奇心、求知欲。有趣的物料和資源可以激發(fā)他們問(wèn)問(wèn)題。同時(shí)，我們也要確保他們可以隨時(shí)取用物料和資料以輔助他們進(jìn)一步思考和學(xué)習(xí)。
4.一日流程中包含孩子們進(jìn)行思考、調(diào)查和探索的時(shí)間段。當(dāng)被給予寬裕的時(shí)間，思考和學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)變得更加有效。
5.探究性學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)可被視為合作型任務(wù)。當(dāng)孩子們與他人合作解決問(wèn)題時(shí)，他們的學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)變得豐富。多聆聽(tīng)其他人的意見(jiàn)和觀點(diǎn)，可以幫助他們拓寬知識(shí)面。通過(guò)合作，他們之間的關(guān)系也會(huì)更緊密。
Inquiry-Based Learning is supported when:
1.Educators see themselves as co-learners, working with children as they learn.
2.Children have the time, space and recourses be become deeply involved in their investigations.
3.The physical environment contains materials and spaces that encourage curiosity, investigation and wonder. Interesting and engaging resources can provide the stimulus for children’s questions and investigations.
4.The daily routine allows children large blocks of uninterrupted time in which to think, investigate and explore. Thinking and learning happen more effectively when they are unhurried.
5.Inquiry is seen as a collaborative task. Children’s learning is enriched when they work with others’ ideas and perspectives helps broaden individual understandings.
